History of Correction in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History of Correction in America - Essay Example Another office of remedy known as Bridewell was developed in 1775 that was set in New York City Hall Park in spite of the fact that it's the autonomous war intruded on its development. New York State Legislature in 1788 instituted a law to build another revision office named Almshouse and named twelve officials to direct the development. The magistrates started the division of remedy in New York and they opened the main state jail in 1788 known as Greenwich State Prison. In 1817 another revision office known as Auburn was opened which extended in 1821 by opening another wing. In 1951, the organization for crazy lawbreakers was set up on the Auburn jail ground. This was a thought of a gathering of reformers that idea they would begin youngster savers by sending city kids to live with ranch families. Their thought achieved the foundation of the New York Juvenile Asylum. Almshouse Department was supplanted by New York City Department of Public Charities and Correction in 1851. The division assumed responsibility for the city's open government assistance and remedial foundations. Ludlow Street Jail otherwise called New York Country Jail was set up in 1862 and in 1863 another prison was worked in Manhattan known as New York City's Fourth District Prison. This turned into the 57th road prison that was a piece of a court complex. Another revision office named New York City's Seventh District Prison was set up along Manhattan city's west side in 1865. New York City was approved by the State Legislature to isolate the Department of Public Charity and Correction in 1873. This detachment realized the Public Charities Division and the Correction Division. Society for the anticipation of cold-bloodedness to kids was built up after the division and it disallowed the repression of kids at Almshouse. Elmira Reformatory was built up in 1876 and it put together its practices with respect to the change hypothesis instead of discipline hypothesis. 1 Louis D. Pilsbury was designated the main Superintendent of Prison and was doled out the completely control and duties of all state penitentiaries. Under Louis authority realized the foundation of the place of asylum for ladies and sanctioning of the correctional code that improved the youngsters' law. (Whitehead, Pollock and Braswell, 2003) Still under Louis authority as the managed of jail so the foundation of New York City's Fifth District Prison in 1885 which was a multi-layered structure that incorporated a forty twofold inhabitance and a residence that held fifty detainees. (Whitehead, Pollock and Braswell, 2003) Present day adjustment has changed the antiquated speculations of remedy and reformer thought of bringing great piece of the general public into the correctional facilities and penitentiaries. They have consolidated instruction, religion, work, and self-administration in they amendment as they are sure this would in the long run restore the detainees. This has achieved the foundation of instruction programs, jail businesses and professional projects in the detainment facilities. They have additionally been foundation of specific penitentiaries in the cutting edge remedy. The utilization of beating additionally reached a conclusion. There has been Prisoner's Rights Movement that gives the detainees privileges of the right to speak freely of discourse and religion

Free Essays on Paradise Lost

The book â€Å"Paradise Lost† is very befuddling to peruse, not just the language, (which I need a word reference to see), yet additionally the thoughts. I think Milton himself was very uncertain where he truly was going with that. From the primary view it created the impression that the entire book is essentially the re-recounting the Book of Genesis, just in beautiful refrain, however it isn't so. Be that as it may, for individuals who know about epic verse of such creators as Homer, we can see this is actually an incredible case of an epic sonnet, which is nothing unexpected since in his occasions, Greek verse was very popular and powerful. The main contrast is that Milton’s sonnet isn't generally expected to be perused as the sonnet of undertakings, incredible lords, and so on, however as the strict content. All things considered, Milton is a Puritan, living in sixteenth century and there is one course that he can take when composing. â€Å"Of Man’s first insubordination and the natural product Of that illegal tree†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ I may declare Eternal Providence, What's more, legitimize the methods of God to men.† Obviously in each epic sonnet, there is a legend, and this one is the same, however who is the genuine saint in this book? Is it G-d, his Son, Satan, Adam, Eve or the Angels? I truly accept that the genuine legend is Satan, however obviously that isn't what was expected. Be that as it may, as each legend, he conflicts with the power, he has supporters who he energizes with extraordinary discourses, and he has a journey which he at last achieves. It is for the most part accepted that Angels have no through and through freedom, and that they are prearranged to be acceptable and can't go to underhanded. Obviously with the fall of Satan and his adherents we can see this isn't so. It is additionally accepted that G-d if all knowing, and he realized superbly well what will occur, which implies that whatever Satan or Adam and Eve did or didn’t do, the fall and outcast would of still happened. So basically, it is all G-d’s doing, and it is his shortcoming that we were removed f rom Eden, and afterward the... Free Essays on Paradise Lost Free Essays on Paradise Lost In Book’s IV and IX of John Milton’s epic sonnet Paradise Lost, I found the topics of submission, numbness and imbalance in different connections to be predominant all through the work. The philosophy that dutifulness is vital in specific connections is communicated persistently, both among man and lady and among man and god. Numbness is additionally admired and dutifulness without reflection, a type of obliviousness as I would like to think, is touted as proper conduct . The substandard part of lady according to the male of the species is additionally communicated all through the work similar to the possibility that then again â€Å"Beauty† has inconceivable force. These perspectives can absolutely be viewed as an impression of the occasions Milton lived in. I see a man obviously addressing power jobs, and maybe scrutinizing his own shrewdness in doing as such. I accept that one explanation Milton picked the setting of Paradise for his epic sonnet was on the grounds that it was a perfect spot to show the elements of the connection among man and his Lord, man and lady and great and insidiousness. Milton utilizes old style implications and all inclusive prime examples to communicate subjects of disparity between the genders, among parent and kid and among man and a celestial overlord. It is likewise the ideal spot to plot the power battle among Satan and God, here we see a fight here between divine creatures, among great and shrewdness in essence, certainly issues in their relationship. Book IV, obviously shows the assessment that compliance is commendable and â€Å"ignorance is bliss.† The primary couple obediently and verifiably obey God and because of this are upbeat and in adoration in the nursery of Eden. They are illegal just the product of the tree of information, proposing that some way or another an excessive amount of knowledge is a terrible thing, or that God wishes to keep the pair uncorrupt and himself in a position of intensity in the relationship. Since all things considered, passing accompanies information or potentially noncompliance. I locate a fascinating inference here to the reality ... Free Essays on Paradise Lost Milton’s Paradise Lost Milton’s Paradise Lost has been adulated since its version just like the best English epic ever, most incredibly in its creator's reasonable portrayal of the legendary guardians of mankind, Adam and Eve. How Milton decided to depict the first mother and father has been a focal point of much analysis particularly with contemporary perusers. One of the fundamental subjects of these remarks is concerning Eve, who, as per many, is an inconsequential character that is somewhat naã ¯ve, adolescent, and without a doubt sub-par compared to her mate. In any case, which many don't perceive is that, shockingly, after the portentous Fall, she turns into a considerably more developed character. At the point when Eve is acquainted with the storyline of the epic, her character is shallow and very lacking, implied essentially for show. She is immovably set as being mediocre compared to her mate as a female in a prevalently male world. Be that as it may, upon her choice to eat the apple from the Tree of Knowledge, her change is emotional and she is not, at this point the straightforward character truly ailing top to bottom of astuteness or information. Along these lines, as depicted by Milton, the Fall of the guardians of humankind is, truth be told, an instructive and creating process for Eve. Quickly upon the acquaintance of Eve with the epic she is obviously depicted as being marginally boneheaded and unsophisticated, and appears to just exist for the show of her magnificence and effortlessness. She is appeared as being alluring and amazingly excellent to view, as Milton frequently portrays her magnificence. As a matter of fact, the first occasion when that Eve sees Adam she escapes from him in dread, as he was not as delightful as the picture that she saw of herself in a pool of water. Truth be told, she was so charmed by the picture of herself that she would have remained had God not removed her to meet her mate: â€Å"Pleas’d it return’d as soon with noting looks/Of compassion and love, there I fixt/Mine eyes till now, and pin’d with vain... Free Essays on Paradise Lost The book â€Å"Paradise Lost† is very confounding to peruse, not just the language, (which I need a word reference to see), yet additionally the thoughts. I think Milton himself was very uncertain where he truly was going with that. From the main view it gave the idea that the entire book is fundamentally the re-recounting the Book of Genesis, just in wonderful stanza, however it isn't so. In any case, for individuals who know about epic verse of such creators as Homer, we can see this is actually an extraordinary case of an epic sonnet, which is nothing unexpected since in his occasions, Greek verse was very well known and persuasive. The main contrast is that Milton’s sonnet isn't generally planned to be perused as the sonnet of undertakings, extraordinary rulers, and so forth, however as the strict content. All things considered, Milton is a Puritan, living in sixteenth century and there is one course that he can take when composing. â€Å"Of Man’s first rebellion and the organic product Of that illegal tree†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ I may declare Eternal Providence, What's more, legitimize the methods of God to men.† Obviously in each epic sonnet, there is a legend, and this one is the same, however who is the genuine saint in this book? Is it G-d, his Son, Satan, Adam, Eve or the Angels? I truly accept that the genuine legend is Satan, however obviously that isn't what was expected. In any case, as each saint, he conflicts with the power, he has supporters who he energizes with extraordinary talks, and he has a mission which he at last achieves. It is for the most part accepted that Angels have no through and through freedom, and that they are prearranged to be acceptable and can't go to underhanded. Obviously with the fall of Satan and his adherents we can see this isn't so. It is additionally accepted that G-d if all knowing, and he realized splendidly well what will occur, which implies that whatever Satan or Adam and Eve did or didn’t do, the fall and outcast would of still happened. So basically, it is all G-d’s doing, and it is his deficiency that we were ousted from Eden, an d afterward the... Free Essays on Paradise Lost Knolls 1 John Milton’s Paradise Lost is a work that endeavors, to some degree, to legitimize the methods of God to humankind. This is a colossal endeavor, in any event, for as gifted a specialist as Milton. In his endeavor to accomplish his objective, Milton makes the character of Satan with apparently extraordinary exactness and aptitude. His achievement in reviving the character of Satan might be his most noteworthy accomplishment in the epic. Some portion of the motivation behind why Milton’s task is so inauspicious is that the apparently indefinable swarms Paradise Lost. All through the epic, Milton is confronted with the test of portraying, however controlling ideas and characters, for example, God, Paradise, and Satan. These ideas are hard to work with due to their theoretical nature. The trouble emerges from the failure of any individual to grasp them experientially. Nobody can really comprehend what great or malice are in their most perfect structures. Nobody can depict the ideal spot with absolute precision in light of the fact that nobody has ever experienced what it is to live in such a spot. The best case of this includes the portrayal of Paradise all through Paradise Lost. In his portrayal, Milton utilizes his own understanding and comprehension to delineate a position of flawlessness. Would he be able to be precise, notwithstanding, while never encountering Paradise himself? In truth, he can't. Every individual peruser probably has their own concept of Paradise. Regardless of whether these thoughts harmonize with those of Milton, every one of them, including Milton’s, are deficient. In Milton’s case, one of the striking parts of Paradise is that Adam and Eve must both work to keep up the nursery: â€Å"With first methodology of light, we should be risen And at our wonderful work, to change Yon flow’ry arbors, there back streets green, Our stroll at no

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Television Adverts Essay Example Pdf - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2396 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Advertising Essay Type Analytical essay Topics: Television Essay Did you like this example? In the age where media inhabits numerous conduits for the production of culture it is difficult to imagine culture without its mediated form, from television and comic books to fashion and postcards, culture is derived through a range of diverse vehicles. We experience our cultural life through media in various ways. Modern society is founded on universal law, enlightenment of reason and science is the solution to social problems, utopia is possible (except the poor will always be poor); Western-centric humanism will save the world; mass consumption means mass employment and modern society contained in the grand narrative of history. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Television Adverts Essay Example Pdf" essay for you Create order Progressive social transformation of the post-modern turn will take us on new adventures; resituating science, technology, society capitalism into a multi-perspective and multi-disciplinary framework. One attempt to account for the emergence of post-modern condition is the shift during the 20th century of the economic needs of capitalism from production to consumption. Reality is what we see fit by these various forms of seductive illusion. The prefix post clearly implies a break, a relation to a period that has happened before. In the case of post-modernism the previous period is undoubtedly modernism. Thus, postmodernism refers to a breakdown of the distinction between culture and society emergence of a social order in which the importance and power of the mass media and popular culture means that they govern and shape all forms of social relationships. For Lyotard, a key post-modernism theorist, the post-modern condition is neither a periodizing concept nor does it re fer to the institutional parameters of modernity and post-modernity. Rather it is: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the condition of knowledge in the most highly developed societies. I have decided to use the word post-modern to describe that conditionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (it) designates the state of our culture following the transformations which, since the end if nineteenth century, have altered the rules for science, literature, and the arts (Lyotard, 1991, pg xxiii) Lyotard refers to postmodernism as a loss of faith in meta-narratives, the big stories that have justified the rational, scientific, artistic and political world of the modern world. Rejection of all overarching and totalising thought; Marxism, liberalism, etc. that tell universal stories which organize and justify the everyday practices of a plurality of different stories (narratives); Science, which has developed importance since the Enlightenment, has assumed the status of a meta-narrative, organizing and validating other na rratives on the road to liberation. Lyotard says since Enlightenment status as a meta-narrative has waned. Science is no longer seen to be making progress on behalf of mankind. Its a breakdown in distinction between art and popular culture: there are no longer any agreed and definite criteria which serve to differentiate art from popular culture. For example, take Warhol Velvet Underground art becomes increasingly integrated into the economy both because it is used to encourage people to consume through the expanded role it plays in advertising, and because it becomes a commercial good in its own right. Popular cultural signs and media images increasingly dominate our sense of reality, and the way we define ourselves and the world around us. The world which tries to come to terms with a media-saturated society. Mass media was once thought of as holding up a mirror to, and reflecting society. Now, reality can only be defined as the surface reflections of this mirror. S ociety has become subsumed within mass media it is no longer a question of distortion of reality, since the term implies that there is a reality outside the surface simulations of the media, which can be distorted, and this is precisely what is at issue according to post-modern theory. Is the media creating reality? Linked to this is the notion that it is more difficult to distinguish the economy from popular culture. The realm of consumption is increasingly influenced by popular culture. For example, we watch more films because we have a VCR, then they reference and advertise products that we go and buy. Surface and style have become more important and evoke a kind of designer ideology. The obsession with being super-model thin, fad-diets, use of sexuality, football, designer clothing, and many more simulations that work as a network in exchange order with each other to create reality narrative for post-modern consumer. The argument is we increasingly consume images and s igns for their own sake rather than for their usefulness or for the deeper values they may symbolise. The very values that modernists used to talk about. In the production-era machines had to be built and updated, basic materials like iron and steel made, infrastructures such as roads, rail, communication had to be laid down, the work force had to be taught the work ethic: Taylorisation and Fordism. Once this was established, the need for consumption emerges. And people need to acquire a consumer ethic. The need to consume becomes equal to the need to produce. Increased affluence combined with consumer credit, advertising, marketing and design. Culture celebrates consumerism and style, therefore the media becomes more important. New occupations or changed role of older ones involved in need to make people consume: advertisers, marketing, design, journalism, television, finance, etc. Consuming images In his essays, Stuart Hall has conceptualized the production and consumption of the television message as a complex social construction of meaning within the semiotic framework. His theory of encoding/decoding is very important in the discourse of consumption of advertising in TV. The polysemic images have been encoded in a particular way and the process of decoding is not symmetrical. Looking back at the work of Barthes we understand that advertising texts are polysemic and at the connotative level of signification signs possess fluidity which enables them to be articulated in multiple ways (Barthes, 1973, pg 122). Eco argues that the viewers determination to decode the message in aberrant ways are to be found in the readers general framework of cultural references such as his ideological, ethical religious standpoint, value systems, etc, (Eco, 1998, 141). Following the same path of consumption and ideology, Baudrillard follows Althuesser in arguing that the subject is con stituted through social classifications and ideological processes. Ideology converts humans into subjects. Ideology lets us mistakenly recognize ourselves as autonomous self-determining agents, whereas in fact we are subjects formed through a social physic processes. Ideology therefore is not the mirrored inversion of the real but our imaginary or symbolic to our shared conditions of existence. Watching the latest Levi jeans advertisement we are addressed as individual consumers with our own unique passion and desires. The ideological effect of the ad lies in its ability to interpellate us in this way. Althusser complicates Marx beautifully by not accepting the concept of ideology as false consciousness. It is material practice produced by ideological state apparatuses. It makes us think are sovereign consumers rather than a member of social class. (Stevenson, 2002,150) In the age of postmodernism where the product is a sign instead of a commodity, as Baudrillard argues, th e way in which adverts are consumed by television viewers depend on the very same framework Eco talks about. Jean Baudrillards essay The Ecstasy of Communication evokes TV and its technologies as a metaphor for the regime of simulation in the contemporary western culture. A TV screen cannot be thought simply as an object to be looked at, with all the old forms of psychic projection and investment; instead, the screen intersects responsively with our desires and representation and becomes an embodied from of our psychic worlds. What happens on the screen is neither on the screen nor in us, but in some complex, virtual space between the two. Marshall McCluhans notion that the medium is the message is clearly related to consumption theory. McCluhan argues that television influences viewers thinking processes and leads to alienation and individualism. But McCluhan sees this not as the result of television content but rather caused by the sensory nature of the medium itself. It is the form of the medium, according to McCluhan, and not its content that influence viewers (Mcluhan, 2002, pg7). TV advertising is a representative part of the arena where the post-modern scene of simulation takes on the relationship between the product and consumer. Baudrillard has contributed significantly towards the theory of consumption. He abandoned Marxist analysis after his book called the Symbolic Exchange and Death (1976). He argues that through a more explicitly post-industrial analysis the real relations of production and consumption have been replaced by a sign system. According to Baudrillard the arrival of consumer society requires a radical reconstruction of critical theory. Baudrillard argues that before goods (objects) can be consumed they must become signs (Baudrillard, 1988, pg 23). The meaning of the objects is established through the organisation of signs into codes. It is only through these codes that people realise their sense of self and their nee ds. The codes themselves are hierarchically ordered, being used to signify distinction of statue and prestige. As Baudrillard argues a need is not for a particular object as much as it is a need for difference (the desire for social meaning) only then we will understand that satisfaction can never be fulfilled, and consequently that there can never be a definition of needs. A subject whose needs are fixed by human nature does not consume the object. Social goods are consumed not to satisfy pre-existing needs but to signify social distinctions. We have become completely absorbed by adverts, images and simulation. Baudrillard would call this simulation as an ecstasy of the real. In Baudrillards hyper-reality and simulacra terms, the storied images of Nike sports heroes are more real than the reality of Third World workers to millions of consumers. However this consuming condition is an obsession and the product of late capitalism in Western societies. Digitally created commercials Faking the real When we examine television advertising we once again find art and technology being used to create simulations that tell stories in an effort to evoke desired reactions from audiences. But in advertising we see a strange new cultural creation: the 20-second cinematic production full of dancing, singing and joke-telling characters playing physicians, housewives, and used car salesmen, with ultra-abbreviated plots and quick resolutions of conflict in which the characters overcome obstacles and fulfil their desires in record time with the help of the product. Unlike movies, which will evoke the wrath of the audience if the unfolding of the story is interrupted, in commercials there is virtually no story to interrupt. The entire commercial is a dynamic, graphic, field composed of images, music, theatrical performances, superimposed illustrations, narration, and other elements, which reinforce each other to achieve their effect. Commercials also include another kind of simulatio n in the form of digitally manipulated images that are used to portray another realm of fantasy in which the limits imposed by the physical world no longer seem to be in effect. As a result, they are full of talking dogs, giant sized children, products that zoom into space, dancing credit cards and scenes that suddenly become two-dimensional which spin out of existence, creating a virtual world that surpasses anything produced by Imax or Nintendo. Commercials take these elements visual fantasy, deceptive images of the products, and false claims and weave them into their various approaches. There are, perhaps, a handful of approaches that they rely on and put together in different ways, just as theme parks, video games, television and news fall into a few basic categories. The product, no longer able to offer satisfaction on its own ground (a potato chip is a chip is a chip), instead offers the consumer a chance to be part of a certain crowd or scene. They belong to a c ool product tribe, revelling in the image and sensibility that the product somehow mystically confers the fetishism of commodities. More and more people are being sold style, image, and celebrity, since there is no substance or material satisfaction to the product-in-itself. Concealed within the jump-cut flash of post-modern advertising is a simple code: consumption is a mode of transcendence, a way to take part in something larger than yourself, the Pepsi Generation. Today, ads are filled with a strange sort of rugged selfishness, misanthropy, and mean-spirit people (touch my Doritos and die.) A person is told sternly to buy as much as they can of the product but never to share with friends. Get your own, theyre told. Latest ads on TV have that narrative that goes on and on and takes the form of a mini soap or a series of short cinematic films. The product is like a movie star. The product has taken the stand of the character in the commercial. It has become another simulati on for audiences. Small Nokia phones that are given a character play a different role in each different Nokia commercial. Digital technology has given designers the ability to make real characters and models that we see in everyday TV. The big entities spend millions of pounds in one 60 second commercial. The commercial has the production company behind it; director, actors and the whole set that would normally be used in film production. Many television commercials thus give us another variation on Umberto Ecos absolute fakes; they are false promises that make everything seem better than it is. Like theme parks, they make mundane realities look like transcendent utopias. All cultures place people inside invented worlds, so that in itself, isnt what is new about all this. The human world is by nature full of fictionalization and metaphor and drenched in stories and metaphysical assumptions, much of it contrived by conscious and unconscious design to support the claims of those in power. But never before has a culture been scientifically invented in this way, using the tools of rationalization including marketing studies and computers to sell products and a way of life. These tools of rationality extract the essence of our own irrationality our fantasies, imbued with fears and desires and give them back to us in the form of their invented worlds. Real experiences and things have been replaced with simulacra copies without an original. Due to the power of mass media advertising, our relationship to the signifier has changed. Now it hides the absence of a signified: conceals the inability to deliver real satisfaction by cleverly simulating it. Part of our hyper-real lives is the fact that our simulations are more real than real.

Definition and Examples of Spin in Propaganda

Spin is a contemporary term for a form of propaganda that relies on deceptive methods of persuasion. In politics, business, and elsewhere, spin is often characterized by exaggeration, euphemisms, inaccuracies, half-truths, and excessively emotional appeals. A person who composes and/or communicates spin is referred to as a spin doctor. Examples and Observations I would define spin as the shaping of events to make you look better than anybody else. I think it is . . . an art form now and it gets in the way of the truth.  Ã‚  (Benjamin Bradlee, executive editor of The Washington Post, quoted by Woody Klein in All the Presidents Spokesmen: Spinning the News, White House Press From Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush. Praeger Publishers, 2008) Manipulating Meaning Often associated with newspapers and politicians, to use spin is to manipulate meaning, to twist truth for particular ends--usually with the aim of persuading readers or listeners that things are other than they are. As in idioms such as to put a ‘positive spin on something’--or a ‘negative spin on something’--one line of meaning is concealed, while another--at least intentionally--takes its place. Spin is language which, for whatever reason, has designs on us...As the Oxford English Dictionary confirms, this sense of spin emerges only in the later 1970s, originally in the context of American politics.   (Lynda Mugglestone, A Journey Through Spin. OxfordWords Blog, September 12, 2011) Deception We live in a world of spin. It flies at us in the form of misleading commercials for products and political candidates and about public policy matters. It comes from businesses, political leaders, lobbying groups and political parties. Millions are deceived every day†¦all because of spin. ‘Spin’ is the polite word for deception. Spinners mislead by means that range from subtle omission to outright lies. Spin paints a false picture of reality, by bending facts, mischaracterizing the words of others, ignoring or denying evidence, or just spinning a yarn--by making things up.  (Brooks Jackson and Kathleen Hall Jamieson, unSpun: Finding Facts in a World of Disinformation. Random House, 2007) Spin and Rhetoric The implicit sense of immorality attached to spin and rhetoric leads lawmakers and candidates to use these words to undermine the sincerity of the opposition. As then House Leader Dennis Hastert declared in a 2005 debate over the estate/death tax, You see, no matter what kind of spin our friends on the other side of the aisle try to use, the death tax simply isnt fair...All of this points to an atmosphere of moral ambivalence that surrounds the modern practice of spin and rhetoric. At the level of principle, rhetorical speech is most often seen as disingenuous, inauthentic, and even morally dangerous. Yet at the level of practice, it is often accepted as an inevitable and necessary part of competitive party politics.   (Nathaniel J. Klemp, The Morality of Spin: Virtue and Vice in Political Rhetoric and the Christian Right. Rowman Littlefield, 2012) Managing the News [One] way the government manages the news is by inserting into newscasts prepackaged reports that get their message out or put a positive spin on the news. (Note that the power of government to censor is much greater in many other countries than in the United States and in some other industrial democracies.)  (Nancy Cavender and Howard Kahane, Logic and Contemporary Rhetoric: The Use of Reason in Everyday Life, 11th ed. Wadsworth, 2010) Spin vs. Debate Democrats have been known to conduct their fair share of spin. During the presidential election campaign season of 2004, some liberal Democrats indulged in inflammatory and unsubstantiated attacks on the right by comparing the Bush administration to Nazi Germany, associating the Republican Party with a racist fringe candidate, and alleging--without evidence--that Bush advisor Karl Rove was the mastermind behind the attacks on John Kerrys war record. These occurrences of manipulative rhetoric [led] one commentator on political spin to conclude that, in the heat of the campaign, reasonable debate is again falling by the wayside.  (Bruce C. Jansson, Becoming an Effective Policy Advocate: From Policy Practice to Social Justice, 6th ed. Brooks/Cole, 2011) Spin Doctors [In a 1998 interview that Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott] gave to the Independent, . . . he said we need to get away from rhetoric and back on to the substance of government. That statement apparently constituted the basis for the Independents headline: Prescott bins the spin for real policies. The spin is an allusion to New Labours spin-doctors, the people responsible for the media presentation of the Government and for putting a media spin (or angle) on its policies and activities.  (Norm Fairclough, New Labour, New Language? Routledge, 2000) Etymology From Old English spinnan, draw, stretch, spin

Case Study Principles of management Free Essays

-by – Giriraj. C. Iyer. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study Principles of management or any similar topic only for you Order Now FY BMS-A. Roll No:49. Principles of management – case study The problem: The story tells us about a nurse, named Diane who has more than one head or supervisor the dilemma she goes through in satisfying all her seniors. The problem in her own words is â€Å"I am not able to get the work done. † And that she has three different bosses each with different demands priorities. The history: Diane the nurse has given a resignation letter to the administrative director of her hospital. This letter has been given by her stating the reason that she has not been able to get her job done. She explains, referring to one of the days a work, that she walks into her office at 7. 45 a. m. she finds a message on her desk from the hospitals head nurse asking her to give the hospitals bed occupation by 10. 00 a. m. that morning as she has to present it to the hospital board that afternoon. After some time she finds her immediate supervisor Jeanine walking into her office enquiring to her about two nurses who were not on duty on the floor that day. On explaining to Jeanine the shortcomings that Dr. Reynolds (the surgery dept. head) had due to overload in the dept. had taken the two nurses off the floor, Jeanine asks Diane to get things sorted out immediately ensure within an hour that both the nurse are back on duty at their floors. Frustrated with this harassment she decides to resign. Analysis: It is said that ‘too many cooks spoil the broth. ’ In this case the same kind of situation emerges there are too many bosses or supervisors for a given nurse in the hospital. But also in these times of competition it is normal to expect these kinds of situations, as the times pass by the world is getting more more competitive. Analysis thru different perspectives: (assumptions) Diane’s perspective: Diane believes that the hospital is not being monitored properly she feels that the seniors in the hospital exploit her a bit too much she feels frustrated wants to leave the hospital. She is not able to handle the pressure of her work. According to her three different bosses have given her three different jobs, which is impossible to complete at the same time. Each boss of hers also expects her to complete her given job without any discrepancies and on time so that it becomes convenient for them and they don’t face any problems. Dr. Davis’s possible reply: Dr. Davis is the administrative director of the general hospital, he must be facing solving many problems like this in his day to day work process. Dr. Davis may reply that; â€Å"dear Diane these are competitive times, many hospitals similar to ours also face these kinds of problems, that is of course no excuse to let it happen to you, but I conceive that you are a sensible and courageous worker, only the times were such that you had to come to this unwarranted approach. The possible solutionts that I might suggest are: 1) speak personally to your seniors and try to make them aware of the fact that you are being inconvenienced 2) Cater only to the needs that you feel have to be done first try explaining to your seniors that why u chose that alternative and what others were available. I am sure that your seniors will give your word weightage and understand your problem, running away from your troubles is no solution, you’ve got to learn to solve them. † Recommendations: the problem here is that the hospital has a organizational system that itself promotes there being more than one head for a given person or subordinate,this adds to the confusion and needs to be changed for the better. How to cite Case Study Principles of management, Free Case study samples

Shakespeares Presentation of Isabella in Act 5 of the Play Essay Example For Students

Shakespeares Presentation of Isabella in Act 5 of the Play Essay Isabella is one of the most important characters in Measure for Measure, along with Angelo and the Duke. Before Act 5 we have a good idea as to her character, we know that she remains by her principles and is not easily influenced by people, even close family. She wanted the rules at the convent to be stricter, which shows her very apparent free will, and determination to do things right. She has already stood up to Angelo when he propositioned her to sleep with him in return for Claudios life, and when she relayed this information to Claudio she stood up to even him. All of this shows us just how much Isabella values her morals and religion, she is being extremely intransigent. At the beginning of Act 5 Isabella is to participate in the plan put forth by the Duke, she is not to accuse Angelo and if the Duke acts harshly to her then it is all part of the plan. She is not very pleased at this, in Act 4, Scene 6 she says To speak so indirectly I am so loth, this basically means that she hates the idea of not accusing Angelo in person. I would say that she play a very major part in the Act, most main characters do in fact, except maybe Claudio who says nothing. She exposes Angelo for the murder, liar and adulterer that he is, and when no one believes her she speaks very passionately about how he broke his bargain. She then, near the end of the Act begs the Duke to spare Angelos life for the sake of Isabella; this is indeed a test of just how strong her convictions are. She takes part in the fist and one of the most important sections of the Act, when she exposes Angelo and is then called mad by the Duke. In her fist speech she claims that she seeks justice for the crimes committed to her, she really emphasises this point by repetition, given me justice! Justice! Justice! Justice! this shows her desperation to see justice carried out. When the Duke tells her to reveal this scandal to Angelo she is shocked and appalled, You bid me seek redemption of the devil. Obviously saying that to tell Angelo the news would be like confessing to the Devil, which is altogether wrong. Angelo then tries to say that she is mad, she lists all of his crimes and playing along with the plan, the Duke sends her away. Despite the Duke apparently not believing her she continues with her convincing speech, saying may Angelo, in all his dressings, caracts, titles, forms, be an arch-villain. This does indeed interest the Duke, as he says that if she is indeed mad then she seems to be making sense. She continues in this manner until finally the Duke gets irritated and arrests her for making false accusations. Throughout this whole conversation Isabella kept her composure, and kept up a structured and legitimate argument, even against the Duke who is the leader of her city. The Duke having her arrested must have been quite a blow to Isabellas self esteem, as she thought he would be the perfect person to help her. Isabella does not appear again until after the Duke has been de-robed, she asks for his pardon as she says she has employed and pained your unknown sovereignty he pardons her. The Duke then asks her to pardon him for not revealing himself sooner and saving her brothers life, he claims that it was the swift celerity of his death , which I did think with slower foot came on Isabella then pardons him, though why I do not know, she should surely be disappointed at him for letting Claudio die. .ub864b3a7fe86757dc4c87cd8b60c8cb4 , .ub864b3a7fe86757dc4c87cd8b60c8cb4 .postImageUrl , .ub864b3a7fe86757dc4c87cd8b60c8cb4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub864b3a7fe86757dc4c87cd8b60c8cb4 , .ub864b3a7fe86757dc4c87cd8b60c8cb4:hover , .ub864b3a7fe86757dc4c87cd8b60c8cb4:visited , .ub864b3a7fe86757dc4c87cd8b60c8cb4:active { border:0!important; } .ub864b3a7fe86757dc4c87cd8b60c8cb4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub864b3a7fe86757dc4c87cd8b60c8cb4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub864b3a7fe86757dc4c87cd8b60c8cb4:active , .ub864b3a7fe86757dc4c87cd8b60c8cb4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub864b3a7fe86757dc4c87cd8b60c8cb4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub864b3a7fe86757dc4c87cd8b60c8cb4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub864b3a7fe86757dc4c87cd8b60c8cb4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub864b3a7fe86757dc4c87cd8b60c8cb4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub864b3a7fe86757dc4c87cd8b60c8cb4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub864b3a7fe86757dc4c87cd8b60c8cb4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub864b3a7fe86757dc4c87cd8b60c8cb4 .ub864b3a7fe86757dc4c87cd8b60c8cb4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub864b3a7fe86757dc4c87cd8b60c8cb4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Othello Shakespeare EssayHowever it is apparent that people (except Lucio) hold a lot of respect for the Duke in Measure for Measure, so she might have to forgive him out of respect and compliance with him as an authority figure. The next event is one that I feel is key in determining Isabellas true character. This shows just how far she will go to stand by her faith and morals, despite what has previously happened. The Duke has sentenced Angelo to death for killing Claudio, Mariana pleads with the Duke not to do it but he says that it is necessary to avenge Claudios death. Mariana pleads with Isabella to support her, sweet Isabel, take my part; lend me your knees and all my life to come, Ill lend you all my life to do you service. And if she does so then she will be forever in her debt. Isabella here does something that I doubt many people would do, she kneels next to Mariana and pleads for Angelos life. At this point in the play she does not know that Claudio is alive, yet she still begs for mercy on behalf of Angelo. Her argument says that although Angelo thought he had committed a crime he actually had not, and it is ultimately Claudio that is the guilty party. I would imagine that this is very hard for Isabella; after all of the things she has gone through with Angelo, to now forgive him and save his life, this shows great strength of character. Isabella is left at the end of Measure for Measure with a life changing decision to make; does she marry the Duke or go to life in the convent as originally planned? I am not sure what her decision would be. Based on the events of the play, she is seen as being very set in her ways and unmovable, so on that basis she would probably go to the convent. However in that time (1600s) it was really the womans goal in life to land herself a good husband, therefore on that basis she would marry the Duke. The audiences view of Isabella I think will be constantly changing throughout the play. At the start they may think she is far too set in her ways and is a bit cold-hearted, to let her brother die for the sake of her virginity. But in Act 5 I think that we see another side of her morality that is more human, she goes against her true feelings for a man (Angelo) to help another woman (Mariana). I think that the audience would respect her for that noble deed. She would also be felt sympathy for, as she is being messed around by the Duke a great deal. The way he pretends that Claudio is dead and how he couldnt do anything about it should make her extremely resentful towards her, and the audience feel exceedingly sorry for her. Overall I think that Shakespeare has portrayed Isabella as a very strong female character in a male dominated play, she is the only woman to really have her own say and individuality. Mariana is only interested in getting her husband back; Mistress Overdone is hardly a good, strong, upright member of the community. Isabella may even be the most just and un-corrupt character in Measure for Measure. Because while most of the other main characters have major flaws or ulterior motives, she seems to wear her thoughts on her sleeve so to speak. Even though Measure for Measure is a comedy, it is apparent that it was one of the later plays (first performed in 1604), because of the mature themes dealt with like power, corruption and justice. .u5ca818f0070911bfc801bccb974ae80a , .u5ca818f0070911bfc801bccb974ae80a .postImageUrl , .u5ca818f0070911bfc801bccb974ae80a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5ca818f0070911bfc801bccb974ae80a , .u5ca818f0070911bfc801bccb974ae80a:hover , .u5ca818f0070911bfc801bccb974ae80a:visited , .u5ca818f0070911bfc801bccb974ae80a:active { border:0!important; } .u5ca818f0070911bfc801bccb974ae80a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5ca818f0070911bfc801bccb974ae80a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5ca818f0070911bfc801bccb974ae80a:active , .u5ca818f0070911bfc801bccb974ae80a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5ca818f0070911bfc801bccb974ae80a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5ca818f0070911bfc801bccb974ae80a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5ca818f0070911bfc801bccb974ae80a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5ca818f0070911bfc801bccb974ae80a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5ca818f0070911bfc801bccb974ae80a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5ca818f0070911bfc801bccb974ae80a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5ca818f0070911bfc801bccb974ae80a .u5ca818f0070911bfc801bccb974ae80a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5ca818f0070911bfc801bccb974ae80a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: "To his Coy Mistress", By Andrew Marvell, "Sonnet", By Elizabeth Barrett Browning and "Sonnet 138", By William Shakespeare EssayI think that Shakespeare put Isabella in the play to create a balance between the characters, she gives some much needed morality and common sense to a lot of the play. The audience can relate to Isabella in such a way that they initially feel some anger at her intransigence, but they inevitably later on are sympathetic of her position. At the start of the play I did not take to Isabella much, but now I believe that she is the most interesting character and defiantly my favourite in Measure for Measure.

QUE Essays - Misty, Southern California University,

University Of Southern California University Park Campus Los Angeles, CA 90089 To whom it may concern: There are few reasons I have picked this college. I also have a couple complaints. My name is Misty Horecka and I?m 13 years old. I go to Mountain View Middle School. My two complaints are not really big. My first complaint is you shouldn?t only pick people who have straight A?s. Also you shouldn?t make it so expensive to go to this school. My solutions are easy to accept. You should pick people who have A?s and B?s. Because if you do they could maybe get better in school. And my second solution is you can make it less expensive. If you made it less expensive maybe more people can afford to go to USC. Thank you for listening to my complaints. I hope you fix these problems. Yours Sincerely, Misty Horecka

Discuss The Meaning And Significance Of The Paraclete Religion Essay Essay Example

Discuss The Meaning And Significance Of The Paraclete Religion Essay Essay Example Discuss The Meaning And Significance Of The Paraclete Religion Essay Essay Discuss The Meaning And Significance Of The Paraclete Religion Essay Essay In replying this inquiry I need to discourse the significance and significance of the Paraclete expressions in John 14-15. The first thing, I need to make is to look at the contents of the word as it is utilizing by Jesus in mention to the Holy Spirit. In John 14:16 the Paraclete is promised as the 1 who is to obtain the place of Jesus. Jesus affirmed it ( John 16: 7 ) that it is to your advantage that I go off, for if I do nt travel off, the soothing Counselor will non come to you ( John 16:7 ) . Gill writes Is the Paraclete, so, the replacement or the replacement for Christ as He is sometimes called? The reply is that He is both. He is the replacement of Christ historically, but non in the sense that Christ ceases to move in the church. He is the replacement for Christ s physical presence, but merely in order that He may do critical and existent Christ s religious presence.[ 1 ] In John 14:18, we have seen the pledge that Jesus gave I will come to you : this has a similar overtone as the old pledge of the Paraclete. Sympathizer i? ¶ To learn them all things Harmonizing to Jamieson in his authorship says The word translated Comforter is used in the New Testament five times. In four cases it is applied to the Holy Spirit John 14:16 ; 26 ; 15:26 ; 16:7. In the other case it is applied to the Lord Jesus in 1 John 2:1: We have an advocator ( Paraclete-Comforter ) with the Father, Jesus Christ the righteous. [ 2 ] In John 14: 25, 26. Jesus says the Father will direct the Paraclete as his representative and he will learn them everything and will remind them of everything he himself have told them. And as the Son came in the Father s name, consequently, the Father will direct the Holy Spirit in Jesus name, with great power and ability to reproduce in the trusters souls what Christ taught them, ( John 14:17 ) . In the Gospel these are some of the looks that are applied to the Paraclete that is important to His Godhead personality, teaching14:26, reminding 16:4, testifying 15:26, coming 14:18, convincing 16:8, abiding 15:4, speaking 14:10, guiding 16:13a, prophesying 16:13b, and praying 14:16 He shall learn the trusters all things, and he besides shall take them into all truth ( John 16:13 ) . Jamieson says Here it might be really appropriately inquired ; whether any of all time, besides the apostles themselves, were taught all things, or led into all truth. [ 3 ]It is the duty of every truster to be led into all truth that is necessary for their ain contentment merely as it was the duty of the apostles to be led into all truth necessary non merely for them but besides for the whole church. His intent is to soothe the adherents, to be with them in Jesus absence and to give them his peace, and this is justly expressed by the word, Comforter. His aim is to learn them, and remind them of fact and this expressed by the word proctor or instructor, ( John 14:26 ; 15:26, 27 ) i? ¶ He shall laud me Furthermore, the Spirit of God glorifies Christ in the life of the trusters through righteousness, peace, and forgiveness, for grace, and for day-to-day supplies of it, for penetration and power for commissariats and remainder, for being and pleasance and by leting them to be by religion on Jesus. He has encouraged them to perpetrate their all to him and to laud him, for he is their wisdom, virtue consecration and rescue and by giving him glorification for redemption in Christ of the Holy Spirit, and by doing changeless petition to him for his way and by tilting on him, and anticipating every good thing from him every bit for clip and sempiternity ( John 16:14 ) . For he shall have of mine, and shall demo it unto you Gill writes which is to be understood non of gifts Christ received from his Father, and which he gives to work forces by his Spirit ; nor of internal grace, as religion, love which the Spirit from Christ plants in the Black Marias of work forces ; but either of the philosophies of the Gospel, the deep things of God and Christ, which the Spirit hunts, and reveals in the relief of the word. The Gospel is a kind of a Kabala , though of a different sort from the unwritten jurisprudence of the Jews. Christ received it from the Father, the Spirit received it from Christ, and the apostles received it from the Spirit and the churches of Jesus from them in wining coevalss. [ 4 ] i? ¶ To brood in trusters That he may stay with you forever, here he did nt state he will be with them merely for a few old ages, Jesus told the apostles that he will be with them everlastingly, he will be with them while they are a unrecorded, besides he will be with everyone that shall win them in the work of the ministry, and every true truster unto the terminal of the universe. ( John 14: 16, 17 ) . Make our residence Johnson in his composing reference on The conditions on which Christ will be present in each psyche, seen, and enjoyed, are here given: ( 1 ) One must love Christ ; ( 2 ) so love him that he will obey from the bosom his commandments ; ( 3 ) this loving, obedient psyche will be loved of the Father ; ( 4 ) Jesus will love him ; ( 5 ) both the Father and the Son will attest themselves to him ; ( 6 ) this manifestation is by their approaching and staying in him through the Helper. [ 5 ] Ye are the temple of God ; ( 1 Corinthians 3:16 ) , Your organic structure is the temple of the Holy Ghost ; ( 2 Corinthians 6:16a ) Ye are the temple of the life God. ( 2 Corinthians 6:16b ) This does non intend that there is any personal brotherhood between Christians and God that there is any curious indwelling of the kernel of God in us. However this gave the trusters hope to joy in the presence of God. For God is fundamentally present everyplace, Advocate and Intercessor i? ¶ Paraclete is applied to Christ In 1 John 2: 1, 2, NLT, reads: But if you do sin, there is person to plead for you before the Father. He is Jesus Christ, the 1 who pleases God wholly. He takes off non merely our wickednesss but the wickednesss of the full universe. At this point the significance is comparatively obvious and precise that Jesus Christ, the blameless, is typifying as the trusters Advocate and Intercessor with God the Father. His righteousness is set over against our wickedness. Here the Paraclete, Christ, is He who, because of His propitiatory offering for the wickednesss of work forces, intercedes for them with God and therefore averts from them penal effects of their evildoings. The sense in which Paraclete is here applied to Christ is found nowhere in the transitions we have cited from the Gospel. The Holy Spirits as Paraclete is Intercessor or Advocate, but non in the sense here showed. The Spirit as Paraclete convicts the universe of wickedness, of righteousness and judgement. Jesus Christ as Paraclete vindicates trusters before God. [ 6 ] And I will inquire the Father and he will give you, 14:16a We know doubtless in Romans 8:34 ; Hebrews 4:14 ; 15 ; 7:25 that he makes intercession in Eden for the trusters, and we besides know that as a consequence of his intercession in Eden for us, that we get all our approvals, and it is because of him that our supplications are offered and are effectual before God. Another soothing Counselor likes me, the Spirit of Truth, to be with you forever, 14: 16b Jesus had been to his adherents a counsellor, a leader, a brother, and a manager while he was them, he had harmonizing to McGarvey Borne with their biass and ignorance, and had administered solace to them in the times of despondence. But he was about to go forth them now to travel entirely into an unfriendly universe. The other Comforter was to be given as a compensation for his absence, or to execute the offices toward them which he would hold done if he had remained personally with them. [ 7 ] To the apostles it was chiefly to animate them with the cognition of truth of the Father. As good, he came to convert work forces of wickedness. It was appropriate for such a representative to be sent into the universe ( John 16:14 John 14:26 ; 15:26 John 16:8-11 ) . Jesus told his adherents that their earthly family with him was about to stop, but he will be with you forever. Therefore the Holy Spirit would come, with whom families would non disrupt. Helper and Teacher i? ¶ To demo them the things of Jesus And I will pray the Father, and he shall give you another Comforter. The word Comforter does non to the full interpret the Grecian word Paraklete no English word does. The word Advocate may be used, and Helper is every bit good if non better than Comforter. We should detect that by the word another Jesus show that he himself had been and would be a Paraklete . [ 8 ] However, when the Spirit of Truth comes, that is the Holy Spirit, he will steer you into all the truth ; for he will non talk on his ain enterprise but will state merely what he hears from the Father and the Son. He will besides denote to you the events of the hereafter ( John 16:13 CJB ) . That says to us the Holy Spirit was neer to convey, perfectly, any new direction since he was non talking for himself. Here the Son of God alleges for himself all that the Holy Spirit taught even to the statement of things to come. He will convey me glory by uncovering to you whatever he receives from me ( 16:14 ) Therefore, the Spirit would transport to the apostles mind all the words which Jesus had spoken, although, at the nowadays he said, Oh, there is so much more I want to state you, but you ca nt bear it now ( 16:12 ) . i? ¶ To bear informant to Christ When the Counselor comes, whom I will direct you from the Father the Spirit of Truth, who keeps traveling out from the Father he will attest on my behalf. ( 15: 26 ) And you testify excessively, because you have been with me from the beginning ( 15:27 ) Believers should be cognizant that our finally aim in this universe is to be a informant for our King of male monarchs. To be an effectual informant, we need the aid of the Paraklete without him our informant will be uneffective. God s program is for adult male to work in partnership him. Everything the Holy Spirit does is consistent with the testimony of the nature of Jesus. His occupation is to state us, and to demo us, who Jesus is. If religious phenomenon occurs that are non consistent with the nature of Jesus, it is nt the Holy Spirit making it. He is the One who wills testify of Jesus in all that He does. [ 9 ] He shall attest of me From the beginning of Jesus ministry, there were a group of work forces selected and chosen by God for this map, to bear informant of the Son of God, of his deity, boy ship, embodiment, and of him being the Messiah,[ 10 ] of his agonies and decease, Resurrection, Ascension, ecstasy at the right manus of God, and of his ordination to be the Judge of the speedy and dead. All of which they can attest to, and by the gifts he imparted on them, and his grace that was on them all, by the marks, admirations, and diverse phenomenon, and by their influence authorization and accomplishment with the sermon of the Good News everyplace. ( John 15:27 ) . i? ¶ To inmate of wickedness, of righteousness and judgement But it is really best for you that I go off, because I do nt, the Counselor wo nt come. If I do travel off, he will come because I will direct him to you ( 16:7 ) . Why the Spirit could non come until the Lord had departed, is found in the poetries which follow, they provide us with an first-class and equal footing, for in these poetries they demonstrated that the Paraclete s occupation had to make with the strong belief of adult male s bosom through the sermon of a completed Gospel, of Christ s return to heaven, in his glorification seated at the right manus of his Father, these form a critical portion of the completed Gospel. And when he comes, he will convert the universe of its wickedness, and of God s righteousness, and of the coming judgement ( 16:8 ) . And he, when he is come, will convict the universe ( 16:8 ) It is the working of the Holy Spirit to take the truths associating to Christ, and, so utilizing the apostles as mouthpieces ( Acts 2:1-37 ) . To convert the universe as to these truths In regard of wickedness, and of righteousness, and of judgement, this convincing work was wholly comparative to Christ, the wickedness of discrediting him, the righteousness revealed in him, and the power of judgement conferred on him. [ 11 ] Of wickedness, because they believe non on me ( 16:9 ) . The Spirit convinces the universe that does non believe in Christ, for those that belief in him receives forgiveness, and to those who do non believe there is no forgiveness. The universe is converting that all have sinned and fall short of God s glorification ( Romans 3:23 ) , and it is the Spirit that convicts the disbeliever of wickedness which comes from unbelief. Therefore in order to pulverize sinin the bosom of adult male, it must be penetrated with the Holy Spirit. Of righteousness, because I go to my Father, and ye lay eyes on me no more ( 16:10 ) . Without uncertainty, Christianity teaches that righteousness is a demand to grok the presence of God. Without being righteous we can neer see him, nor can we of all time expect standing before him. Because Jesus returned to the Father, and is staying with the Father, hence, the Holy Spirit convinces the people of the universe that those who are trusters in Christ, and holding his righteousness, shall besides accomplish the presence of the Father. ( Philippians 3:3-14 ) . Of judgement, because the prince of this universe hath been judged ( 16:11 ) . Finally, the Spirit convinces the people of the universe that Jesus is commissioned as its adjudicator. Because of the Resurrection of our Lord which offers to us the warrant of this fact ( Acts 17:31 ) . The Resurrection of Jesus gave us such a warrant as it is proofing of the judgement and denouncement of that old snake , Satan, the main leader in evil turbulence against God, Jamieson writes and he that hath power to judge the caput thereby shows he had, power to judge the organic structure. Satan held the power of decease over humanity, but Jesus judged him and brought him to naught by taking off this power ( Hebrews 2:14,15 ) . The cross of Christ as the beginning of life asserted his high quality over all other powers ( Colossians 2:14,15 ) , which implies an ability to judge them. [ 12 ] Decision The Paraclete is promised as the 1 who is to obtain the place of Jesus. Jesus affirmed that it is to your advantage that I go off, and he will direct us the Comforter, and he will: To learn us all things To brood in the trusters To inmate of wickedness, of righteousness and judgement Helper and Teacher, to demo them the things of Jesus To bear informant to Christ, and He will attest of Him To remind the trusters To steer the trusters He may stay with the trusters for of all time

English Legal Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

English Legal Methods - Essay Example The most authoritative decision is the [1996] AC 563 as it is the House of Lord’s decision. The House of Lord is the highest court in England. The doctrine of judicial precedent states that the decisions of this court are binding on the lower courts. Question 3 [6 marks available in total] What were the facts giving rise to Mr R’s criminal trial and what was the outcome of that trial? Mr R had a relationship with the mother of four children. They gave birth to two children and the other two were from a previous marriage. The father was Mr H, and C was the eldest daughter, who alleged that in September 1993, Mr R had raped her continuously when she was between 7 and 8 years. This continued for over 5 years. Mr R was then charged with rape. He was tried in October 1994. The allegation involved four charges of rape. The main witness in this case was the daughter C. Mr R was consequently acquitted of the charges. Question 4 [6 marks available in total] At the hearing of thi s case at first instance what, in summary, were the two key conclusions the judge reached in respect of D1’s allegations against Mr R? The judge made the following conclusions. The first substantive issue was whether D1 was sexually abused. The judge averred that D1had proved, in her statement, the fact that there was abuse. Her story was consistent and factual. Mr. R had lied that he had never had an opportunity to be alone with any of the children, which was proved by D1 testimony. The judge felt that that D1’s allegations were true. He felt that the evidence presented by her and her statement in court was true. Mr. R had not rebutted these assertions by his evidence or his behavior in court. He felt that the allegations of abuse by D, which were true were based on presentation of evidence. He believed the evidence tendered by the girl was true. Her statement could also be reasonably suspected to be true Question 5 [4 marks available in total] Summarise the issues ce rtified for Their Lordships’ consideration in this case. The issues before the Lordships are three, and they are as follows. The first issue is the standard of proof, which is to be proved where an allegation has been made that a child will suffer significant harm under the second part of 31(2) (a) of the Children Act. The second issue is in relation to the requirement of proof of sexual abuse, which is the standard of proof being higher than the normal civil standard of balance of probability, but lower than the criminal standard of proof. There is a question as to whether the evidence needed to prove the charge needs to be based on the seriousness of the charge. This means that the more serious the charge, the more evidence one needs to prove their case as opposed to a question of proving on a balance of probability. The final issue is where an allegation is made that a considerable injury is likely to impact on the child. The question raised here is: should one prove the l ikelihood to suffer harm on a balance of probability or does the presence of a substantial risk suffice instead of a speculative future risk? Question 6 [8 marks available in total] Summarise the submissions made before Their Lordships on behalf of: (a) The Local Authority (3marks) (b) The Guardian Ad Litem (2 marks) (c) The parents (3 marks) Submissions made on behalf of the Local Authority. The counsel submitted that the question of law to be addressed was on the

Ted Bedley & Constructivism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ted Bedley & Constructivism - Assignment Example HAs the paper outlines, based on the constructivist checklist, one can conclude that Bedley is able to meet the requirements of a constructivist teacher. Multiple perspectives were achieved by grouping the students and encouraging them to discuss among themselves about reaching a consensus. Every student is given a chance to give his opinions and suggestions. Student-directed goals are clear from the start, with Bedley acting as the coach. The activity that Bedley initiated, particularly the group discussion is a venue for knowledge construction and collaboration. Alternative viewpoints are reached through the small group discussions and through the class discussion. According to Jonassen, â€Å"constructivist learning environments emphasize authentic tasks in a meaningful context rather than abstract instruction out of context†. This characteristic is definitely present in Bedley’s class. He emphasized that each student is to perform a task but still work within the group. Constructivism emphasizes a learning method that is active and not passive. Obviously, Bedley’s style of teaching is active. The students are able to have new learning experiences which they incorporate with their previous understandings of the topic on consensus. They come up with possible rewards if consensus is reached by the class. Clearly, one can conclude the Bedley’s manner of teaching is one of constructivism.

An Aspects Of Discharge Planning Nursing Essay

An Aspects Of Discharge Planning Nursing Essay This assignment looks at the communication strategies to support and empower the patient living with COPD, a Long Term Condition and their Significant Others when planning their discharge from hospital. This is based on Mr Smiths scenario, a 78 years old man who suffers from advanced chronic obstructive airways disease. It will open with the definition of the keywords of the assignment. It will examine the characteristics of COPD at end of stage in the first section, because this is what Mr Smith suffers from and will therefore determine the discharge package of care to be used for him. The second section will look at the discharge plan and the team to be involved in the discharge process and their role. Finally it will look at the importance of communication when planning discharge and the communication strategies to be utilised for Mr Smith. As a matter of fact, Mr Smith suffers from COPD, which describes the obstruction of airflow caused by chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or both. It is called chronic because it is persistent, and pulmonary because it affects lungs. Bronchitisis about the inflammation of the airways of the lung, while emphysema is the damage which affects the smaller airways and air sacs of the lungs. He has suffered from serious exacerbations as his conditions has been worsening beyond normal day-to-day variations and is acute, with symptoms such as worsening breathlessness,  cough, increased sputum coloured production. He is now classed as having end of stage COPD. Even though there is no accepted definition for end of stage COPD (Siafakas, 2006), the term end of stage gives the idea of the last step in the course of a progressive disease. NICE (2010) classifies COPD into four stages, Mild (stage I), moderate (stage 2), severe (stage 3) and very severe (stage 4). According to Leader (2012), end stage COPD refers to last stages of the disease. According to Global Initiative for Chronic  Obstructive Lung Disease  (2010), very severe COPD would have the following chronic symptoms: cough with a lot of mucus, severe breathlessness, loss of weight, skin colour becoming blue, edema attacking the legs and feet, Life-threatening COPD flare-ups and Lung malfunction. At this point, it should be kept in mind that Mr Smith is the first person to be involved in this discharge planning as his preferences must be considered in the process. He has to be empowered to take responsibility of his own care. It is part of the NMC (2008) policy that nurses have to listen to people in their care and respond to their needs and preferences, and get informed consent if required. Mr Smiths family members should also be involved as they are the ones to be with him at home. They can inform the discharger of their availability, willingness, strength and limitations. Involving patients and carers in the discharge planning process is actually one of the requirements of the Department of Health (2010). The discharge planning will therefore start with an assessment through spirometry tests of Mr Smiths condition looking into his complete medical history. The care providers should find out how much air Mr Smiths lungs can blow in and out. It is known that Mr Smith was previously admitted to the hospital for exacerbations. This means that a serious assessment of his respiration system should be done; with a look at the level of dyspnea. The discharge is based on his request, which means that he should be involved in the process. The condition of Mr Smiths daily activity can be thought to be difficult, because his medical history shows that his condition worsened and his house had to be amended to accommodate his needs, and that he now lives in his front room downstairs and has access to the toilet down stairs as well his kitchen/dining area. This means that Mr Smiths coping skills are very limited. Mr Smith should also be assessed for cardio vascular and other chest diseases and psychological effects caused by COPD. Mr Smith therefore appears to have functional problems as his exertion is very limited which affects his activity of daily living. So his discharge planning should include assessment of functional abilities to determine his ability to be independent in the future and the possibility of exercising. This assessment will help to determine whether he needs treatment for pulmonary rehabilitation and how strong and flexible he can be. This helps to assign the right job to physiotherapists. Several interventions have to be done in order to reduce risk factors (NICE, 2010). Donna and Goodridge (2006) has described a number of symptom burden for end of stage COPD patients: dyspnea, breathlessness with discomfort; burden of fatigue and sleep disturbances, which has impact on functional limitations of daily activities such as self care, household chores, and leisure activities. (Elkington et al 2005); feeling of social isolation and loneliness, depression and anxiety, (Lacasse, 2001), panic, fear, and frustration. Tranmer et al (2004) goes a step further to add feelings of worry, sadness, nervousness, irritability, and concentration difficulty. Finally the needs of the patients family should be taken into consideration, because they are the people to stay with the patient at home, and are therefore the patients advocates, companions, personal caregivers, and surrogate decision-makers (Selecky, 2005) Given the services to be involved in Mr Smiths discharge planning, one can correctly identify the process as a complex discharge planning as it involves multidisciplinary care planning and ongoing care. Actually, this discharge plan calls for a multidisciplinary team of professionals as suggested in NICE (2007). Even though the patient remains under the care of the hospital consultants while making the GP aware of the home care, this team of professionals will work with referrals coming from secondary care in order to care for Mr Smith at home. A respiratory nurse specialist will set and implement the care in order to improve Mr Smiths respiration. This will help to reduce any anxiety and fear. The in-reach nurse will educate, support and advise the different parties mainly patients, his relatives and staff and assess the various devices to be used as well as organise the followup and other referrals to competent departments and services (spirometry, chest checkup à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). Physiotherapists will help with exacerbation at home to clear secretions and provide chest physiotherapy at home as well as advise the patient on breathing pattern and exercises that might help Mr Smiths mobility problems. However a proper training is required for nurses, because there appears to be a limitation in their knowledge and the way to deal with end of stage COPD patients. (Disler and Jones, 2010) The palliative care for Mr Smith should be based on the above symptoms associated with advanced COPD. Oxygen therapy will be needed, because COPD patients usually become hypoxaemia with the progression of the diseases. This is not a curative treatment, but it helps relieve the symptoms of breathlessness. However it has been observed that caution should be taken for the respiratory drive not to be suppressed by a lack of control. Here one has to distinguish between long term oxygen therapy which takes around 15 hours a day and short term therapy for other patients.   Given that Mr Smith has suffered from serious exacerbation, there is a need for Oxygen therapy, and a respiratory specialist should be assigned to control the use of oxygen. Since Mr Smith will be going home, and his need of oxygen is great an oxygen concentrator with a back up supply of oxygen cylinder could be a better alternative. A proper training for its use must be given to his careers. There would also be a need to include steroid tablets such as prednisolone in his treatment in order to reduce the extra inflammation in the airways. This can be taken once a day for 5 to 14 days. Dyspnea can be treated with the use of opioids which improves breathlessness. (Jennings et al, 2002) A 20mg dose of oral morphine a day also would be helpful (Abernethy et al, 2003). Airway Clearance Devices can also be prescribed in case Mr Smith has problems to clear secretions and mucus. High-frequency chest wall oscillation, or a  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡utter valve can be used with a positive expiratory pressure of about 6-20 cm H2 O (Ambrosino et al, 1995). Mr Smith should also be considered to receive treatment for psychological effects, as these have been observed in patients with advanced COPD because of the poor quality of life. Patients suffers from anxiety and depression due to dyspnoea (Bailey 2004), and this is said to be in the proportion of up to 90 %. (Kunik et al 2005; Norwood 2006). In this case, consideration would be given to antidepressants such as benzodiazepines, paroxetine and sertraline which have proven effective for anxiety and depression (Lacasse et al 2004). As NICE (2010) recommends, this treatment should be supplemented by spending time with the patient to explain why all this is happening and how it can be treated. This calls for the importance of good communication. A check up is also necessary to find out if Mr Smith is coughing, in which case Morphine and codeine could be prescribed. COPD patients also feel pain in the chest, which can have a musculoskeletal or pleuropulmonary origin (Leach 2005), in which case some analgesic drugs proposed by the WHO, can be used, mainly non opioids such as paracetamol and NSAIDs; weak opioids such as codeine and tramadol and strong opioids. But in case of infections, consideration should be given to antibiotics. At this point, Mr Smith and his family should be educated in the way medications should be taken to avoid nonadherence to the medical plan. By Adherence, one should understand an active, voluntary, and collaborative involvement of the patient in a mutually acceptable course of behavior to produce a therapeutic result. (Delamater, 2006). This calls for a clear understanding by Mr Smith of his condition (Johnson G, et al, 2005) and fitting the medication regime to his daily routine (Ryan and Wagner, 2003). This can be done if there is good communication. Communication should be understood as a process of conveying information and thoughts between different people, using written or spoken language and body language. Several scholars have found that communication is paramount to deliver good healthcare (Buckley, 2008), because both the patient and the healthcare provider enter into an emotional relationship. (Wittenberg-Lyles et al., 2008). It has also been observed that patients have a great need of information about their condition and that inadequacy of communication in healthcare would prevent good provision of care for people at the end of life. (Curtis et al, 2005). Actually while planning for communication, one can also include Advance Directives in the form of living will or proxy while Mr Smith is still stable in order for him to have a voice in his last wishes. Communication should be part of all those concerned with the discharge planning for a better understanding of who would be doing what, and this meets the NMC (2008) requirement to share information with colleagues so working as a team The nurse has therefore to avoid to create a communication gap with the patient, and other professionals, or say any misunderstanding in what they are talking about. It should be kept in mind that open communication is likely to empower the patient to have more hope and so dispel any fear they have (Davidson and Simpson, 2006). With such a view in mind, communication with the patient would help to share hope and prepare for death, or in Back et al (2003)s terms to hope for the best and prepare for the worst, and discussion of questions related to worries, concerns for the future, hope (Braun et al 2007) as well as information related to the outcomes of different treatments with survival chances given with honesty (Fried et al 2002) Empathy should be among the strategies while interacting with the patient, and the nurse has to devote more time to listen to the patient. (Edwards et al, 2006). Actually nurses need more training in the field of communication for patients at end of stage as correctly mentioned by Davidson et al, 2002. To conclude, it can be said that Mr Smiths discharge plan is a complex plan with a multidisciplinary professionals involved. The plan starts with an assessment of Mr Smith condition and moves to focus on providing education and reinforcement of the medical plan. The medical plan includes pharmacological details describing medications intended to alleviate Mr Smiths symptoms of severe COPD, as well as non- pharmacological ones related to the devices to use and control of adherence and coping skills of Mr Smith. The pharmacological part should include medication to do with COPD and the psychological effects produced. A nutritional assessment is also necessary. Among the treatment, aspects of pulmonary rehabilitation, exercising, community resources should be included. Communication should be a key issue not only between the professionals and mr Smith, but also between the professionals themselves for the good of the patient. All these aspects call for a better training for nurses, as a t present literature reveals that nurses express limited confidence in their knowledge and how to deal with aptients at end of stage COPD.

Educational Psychologists Essay

Lawrence Kohlberg’s view on Moral Development and Education has widened the view in the study of educational psychology. His theory provided new inputs in understanding the manner that individuals acquire information and learn. By defining these process through three important stages namely pre conventional level, conventional level, and post conventional level (UC Berkeley, 2008). It is through this that he ascertains how individuals gain moral maturity and the capacity to respond to others and develop relationships. Assessing Kohlberg’s contribution to educational psychology, he tried to critique the traditional system of teaching especially in shaping and honing moral values. Rather than shaping students, it only forces them to achieve a specific values mandated or dictated by the educator or the curriculum. It is in here that he tries to promote the concept of moral education. The particular process involves immersing students towards effectively utilizing moral discipline so as to help students react effectively based on their current reasoning (UC Berkeley, 2008). In essence, Kohlberg’s contribution revolves around his out-of-the-box approach in dealing with educational methods. Rather than being strict with these policies, he reinvented the process of moral reasoning and acquisition of values by collaborating new means to create collective norms. Given this process, students then become more reactive in dealing with the manner students react to specific moral issues responsibly. Seeing this, the work of Kohlberg is an expansion on the view of Piaget’s and often critiqued to be mainly an extension of what Piaget provides. However, Kohlberg tries to step away from this by trying to define and argue that the central element of moral development is a concrete facet different from what Piaget points out. At the same time, he tries to showcase his perspective on how collective and responsive the acquisition of morality must be. It must not only come from one source but rather through a collective undertaking. References UC Berkeley (2008) Moral Development and Moral Education: An Overview. Retrieved from http://tigger. uic. edu/~lnucci/MoralEd/overview. html#kohlberg

Wendy Citrarasa

PT. WENDY CITRARASA Alexandre Richard Arief Putratama Said Ryandiaz ACCOUNTING – 4 [pic] Campus BSD – City Bumi Serpong Damai – 15321 Island of Java – Indonesia June 2011 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, we would like to thank God Almighty for His blessing during the process from the start until the end of the interview at PT. Wendy Citrarasa. Our group would also like to thank PT. Wendy Citrarasa, who managed to spare us some time for the interview and provide resources in order to finish the project. Especially to Mr.Ipeng Widjojo, the owner of Wendy’s for this opportunity. The knowledge came from this project has been a great opportunity on a real business example on a corporate marketing. Author also thank to Mr. Bernadus Agus Finardi (Swiss German University Marketing lecturer) for his assitance towards the project. In the end, we would like to apologize if there is any unintentional mistakes. It is our deepest expectation that this project paper may broaden up the knowledge of the readers and we appreciate any feedbacks. Thank you. BSD City, 2011 abstract PT. WENDY CITRARASA his paper are a compilation of what the student had learn during in class session with Mr. Bernardus Agus Finardi, and the interview with Mr. Ipeng Widjojo as the Head of PT. Wendy Citrarasa. The purpose of this paper is to make student able to understand more about marketing theory, and the marketing behind PT. Wendy Citrarasa. The interview was held on 26th may 2011 by Mr. Ipeng Widjojo himself. This project is expected to be submitted on 10th june 2011. The group are expected to anlyze the real case in indonesia from the perspective of Customer Driven Marketing Strategy.The extends of the topic includes some chapter in the Principle of Marketing book which are Company General Overview, Marketing Environment and Analysis, Marketing Strategy, Marketing Mix, Customer Driven Marketing Strategy, New-Products Development, Pricing Products: Understanding a nd Caputring Customer Value, and Advertising & Public Relations. a. Background 1. TOPIC’S BACKGROUND Fast food refers to food that can be prepared and served quickly. Fast food restaurants usually have a walk up counter or drive-thru window where you order and pick up your food.There is a lot of international fast food restaurants in Indonesia such as Mcdonalds, KFC, Burger King, and many more. Wendy's Old Fashioned Hamburgers (simply known as Wendy's) is an international fast food restaurant founded by Dave Thomas on November 15, 1969, in Columbus, Ohio, United States. The company decided to move its headquarters to Dublin, Ohio, on January 29, 2006. As of March 2010, Wendy's was the world's third largest hamburger fast food chain with approximately 6,650 locations, following McDonald's 31,000+ locations and Burger King's 12,000+ locations.On April 24, 2008, the company announced a merger with Triarc, the parent company of Arby's. Despite the new ownership, Wendy's headquart ers remained in Dublin. Previously, Wendy's had rejected more than two buyout offers from Triarc Companies Inc. Following the merger, Triarc became known as Wendy's/Arby's Group, a publicly traded company. (RUPSLB), which was held on August 10, 2010. PT Wendy Citrarasa is the firm that covers all the Wendy’s franchise in Indonesia. Currently, it is owned by Ipeng Widjojo, who had studied in the Boston University back in the early 1990s 2. Interview PurposeThe purpose of the interview is to make student understand about marketing in reality and to make student learn about the process in the company. Added on, it will give student experience which be useful for student’s future. 3. methodology This report is a combination from what the writer has learned from university and during the interview period with Mr. Ipeng Widjojo 1. 4 Theory review According to some reliable references, Marketing is â€Å"the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communic ating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. Marketing is a product or service selling related overall activities. It generates the strategy that underlies sales techniques, business communication, and business developments. It is an integrated process through which companies build strong customer relationships and create value for their customers and for themselves. Marketing is used to identify the customer, satisfy the customer, and keep the customer. With the customer as the focus of its activities, it can be concluded that marketing management is one of the major components of business management.Marketing evolved to meet the stasis in developing new markets caused by mature markets and overcapacities in the last 2-3 centuries The adoption of marketing strategies requires businesses to shift their focus from production to the perceived needs and wants of their customers as the means of staying profitable. Ma rketing is used to identify the customer, satisfy the customer, and keep the customer. With the customer as the focus of its activities, it can be concluded that marketing management is one of the major components of business management. 1. 5 company general overviewWendy’s/Arby’s Group, Inc. is the nation’s third largest quick service restaurant company and is comprised of the Wendy’s and Arby’s brands, two companies distinguished by traditions of quality food and service. The company, with approximately $12 billion in system-wide sales, owns or franchises over 10,000 restaurants. Approximately 77% of Wendy's restaurants are franchised, the majority of which are located in North America. Wendy's and its affiliates employ more than 46,000 people in its global operations. In fiscal year 2006, the firm had $2. 469 billion (USD) in total sales.While Wendy's sets standards for exterior store appearance, food quality and menu, individual owners have con trol over hours of operations, interior decor, pricing and staff uniforms and wages. Wendy’s arrived in Indonesia back in 1992. In 1997, Wendy’s Indonesia franchise was bought by PT Sirat. Back in year 2006, PT Wendy Citrarasa bought the franchise from PT Sirat. Currently, it has 26 outlets, which covers some major cities in Indonesia such as Jakarta, Bandung, Jogjakarta, and Surabaya. [pic] Wendy’s current logo [pic][pic] 1. 5. 1 vision of WENDY’STo continuously grow stakeholder value by leveraging the strengths of our vibrant, independent restaurant brands 1. 5. 2 mission of wendy’s People Maintain aligned, people-driven culture and values. ?Attract, retain, and develop top talent. ?Offer performance-driven compensation and rewards. Brands Support independent, relevant, and healthy brands focused on sales growth and profitability. Select and support excellent brand leadership (CEO, President, CMO, etc. ). Profitability Set metrics for performance in sales and profits (EBITDA). ?Maintain a lean and efficient support organization.Growth Provide strategies and resources for growth initiatives (new units, remodels, day part expansion, other new platforms, international expansion, refranchising, etc. ).? Seek acquisitions of other brands and opportunities for growth. Value Establish metrics for creating shareholder value. Provide attractive franchisee ROI/value and competitive business models. Demonstrate community-minded citizenship, and giving back by sharing the wealth. 1. 5. 3 WENDY’S CORE VALUE Integrity We pledge honesty, integrity and ethical behavior in everything we do. AccountabilityWe hold ourselves and our teams accountable to deliver positive results. Respect We treat people the way we would like to be treated. Responsibility We believe in giving back to improve the quality of life in our communities. Innovation We strive to become better every day, both personally and in the services and products we produce. Teamwork We are willing to put the team and the team’s needs before our own needs. Opportunity We believe in creating opportunity for our people to reach their full potential. B. Marketing Environment & Analysis 1. Microeconomics – The companyTalking about interrelated groups such as top management, finance, research & development (R&D), purchasing, operations, and accounting, Wendy’s Restaurant have the internal environment as follow : [pic] From above, we can see that Wendy’s restaurant has five departments, which are marketing, operational, bussiness development, supply chain, and finance. Esspecially for the marketing department, they work closely with other departments in making decision in marketing strategies, and all of the interrelated departments have an impact on the marketing department’s plan and action.They work to achieve goals which is customer value and satisfaction. Supplier Talking about the supplier of Wendy’s Restaurant , it will be closely to the material of the foods & drinks and others properties. Generally, 20% of food materials is still imported. For the basic material of the recipe, like cheese, seasoning (chili, tomato), etc, it is imported from the international supplier. The reason is due to the taste of those imported material is different from the local material, and if Wendy’s use the local material, it causes the different original recipe of Wendy’s menu.Similarly, Wendy’s also imported beef from the international supplier, and the reason is same, which is the different taste. While, they use local supplier for the chicken. Marketing Intermediaries They have no marketing intermediaries because they only sale their product by their own store. Customer The customer of Wendy’s is consumer market which consist of individual and household that buy foods and drinks for personal consumption. Competitor They said that the competitor of Wendy’s is all the fast food restaurant such as McDonalds, A&W, Burger King, etc.They claim that they have the superiority in some menu like burger, baked potatoes compare to their competitor. Public General public which is Wendy’s need to be concern about general pabric attitude toward its product and activities because the public image of the Wendy’s will affect its buying. 2. Macroevironment Demographic Environment Based on survey, Wendy’s menu can attract all gender, but for the age they said that old people prefer some less oil menu like baked potato, salad and soup while the younger people prefer the menu like burger, fried chicken, and french fries. Economic EnvironmentTalking about economic condition of their consumer especially in Indonesia Wendy’s has segmentation to reach middle up class. Natural Environment Is natural resources that are needed as inputs by Wendy’s such as meat, vegetables, and seasoning food material. Technological Environment Is a forces tha t create new technologies, creating new product and market oportunities. As a fast food restaurant, Wendy’s has use some technology that supported its operating process. For example: when customer order the food, the waitress directly tell to the other part of kitchen using mic which relates him to the staff in the kitchen.So, kitchen staff can make the food order faster. Political Environment Is laws, government agencies, and pressure groups that influence and limit various organization and individuals in a given society. Especially in Indonesia, the laws that closely related to the food business is about â€Å"Halal†. So, in implementing their business, Wendy’s sale the halal product to attract their customer in Indonesia. Cultural environment Is made up institution and other forces that affect society’s basic values, perseption, preferences, and behaviour.Wendy’s as a branch of West culture restaurant has been sucsessful bringing its own culture to Indonesia. We can see that condition from many Indonesian people like the western food including Wendy’s restaurant. Generally the influence of microenvironment and macroenvironment for the company is about how Wendy’s restaurant can research, plan, and implement their marketing strategy by considering both of the environment in order to achieve customer value and satisfaction. While, the obstacle of microenvironment and macro environment for Wendy’s restaurant is: (CompetitorWendy’s must compete to many fast food restaurant in Indonesia. Such as McDonald, KFC, Burger King, CFC, A&W, etc which has their own specialty. So, Wendy’s has to improve their quality and promotion to achieve customer value and satisfaction. (Political Wendy’s has to face many rules and laws in Indonesia which can limit the freedom to make the creativity of their own menu. C. Marketing Mix Chapter 3 Marketing Environment The microenvironment in Wendy’s will help Wendy’s to build relationship with customers. Because all of the streams of company’s environment will connect with the marketing team.The company’s has all interrelated groups of people. The company has suppliers from Indonesia and foreign countries. They still need the US for the burgers because the taste of beef is very elastic in accordance of geographical side. These suppliers are very different in behavior, needs, interests, and everything. The marketing intermediaries help to promote, sell, and distribute its products to final buyers. They include resellers, physical distribution firms, marketing service agencies, and financial intermediaries. In Wendy’s they only have physical distribution firms marketing service agencies, and financial intermediaries.Marketing service agencies is fully controlled and walk solely with other division. And also banks is in company’s important role. The customers hold a very important role in the life of the company. The company will surely give the customers best service, quality and everything that counts into account to make the customers loyal to the company. Mr. Widjojo says that quality that is the one thing that attracts customers. The competitors of Wendy’s are the other fast food companies like Kentucky Fried Chicken, A&W, McDonald’s, and other domestic food channels like Hoka-Hoka Bento, and so on.Chapter 4 Wendy’s have its own marketing information system to support the daily operations of Wendy’s. Because of the many division Wendy’s have, they need its own marketing information system to help the. Information system will create better information for the marketing team and in the end, the marketers will have better target, and win the goal of company’s challenge. Wendy’s keep daily sales and transfer the data to the headquarters. So they can budget and give approximation for the stocks of food in the store. So, internal database is very crucial in the company’s aim to have better service.In other words, Wendy’s does market research on the design, collection, analysis, and reporting of data in marketing to improve the effectiveness of selling. When Wendy’s wants to launch a new product, they always start it with doing market research and take information from customers. Usually Wendy’s does survey research. And take sample from it, which is their customer. After that the information is given to the market researchers. And make something out of the research. Chapter 5 Consumer Markets and Consumer Buyer Behavior The customer’s cultural factors aren’t applied in Wendy’s.Because everybody’s with middle – middle-upper economic power will buy their product. Do not affect about occupation, gender, age, lifestyles, personality, everybody is willing to buy Wendy’s because Wendy’s is very for everybody. Wendy’s does not take segmented markets for limited buyer, for example, bacons, pork, and something like that. And that helps the market to feel that it’s for everybody. There’s no limitation of buyers. Chapter 7 Customer Driven Marketing Strategy Wendy’s market segmentation is for middle – middle-upper segment. And people will buy if they have the power of buying.And for big middle-up families that want to gather around. Wendy’s position itself in the market different than the other fast food competitors like Kentucky Fried Chicken, McDonald’s, A&W, etc. quality is their pinpoint of marketing. Most middle-upper consumers are smart buyers. They can choose what’s good and not. So, Wendy’s does not want to deceive the customers by reducing the quality. So, Wendy’s set the customers as their exemplary. Value that Wendy’s given to customers are value in a way. People does not think about the â€Å"a little bit pricey† price, because consumers believe that the price is okay with the quality they give to them.Chapter 8 Branding Strategy The brand is well-known in the world and it has been in Indonesia since 1980s. And every part of the world is held by one franchisee. So it is not so difficult to market the product. But every part of country has its unique product by geographical side. Chapter 10 Pricing Products: Pricing Strategies The price set by Wendy’s Citra Rasa is based on research, and the value they give in the service, food and everything else they put into their food. Factors to consider when setting prices were very vast. There is value based pricing; good value pricing and value added pricing.Value based pricing uses buyers’ perception of value, not the sellers’ cost as the key to pricing. Value-based pricing means that the marketer cannot design / make a product and marketing program and set the price. Price is considered along with other marketing mix variables before the mark eting program is set. [pic] Good value pricing offers the right combination and quality and good service at a fair price. For example, Burger King offers value meal for less than the total of the selected food. In other words, good value pricing give the consumers more quality for the same price or more quality for even less.Value added pricing is a way to build pricing power, to escape the price competition and to justify higher prices and margins without losing market share. It’s better not to cut prices to challenge competitors, but to give value added services and then, support higher prices. Even nowadays it is not always about price, but to keep customers loyal by giving them service that others do not give to them So, in this company’s case, all of the above strategies is used by Wendy’s Citra Rasa. They give customers what they want, and give them service and quality customers do not get anywhere else.Mr. Ipeng said that in Wendy’s everything is d ifferent than the other restaurant in Indonesia. â€Å"It is all about timing. † everything was timed and very precise. The timing is the quality Wendy’s give into service to customers. It promises the customer what is the goodness and healthiness of the food they eat. Also, Wendy’s marketing team uses a strategy they called, Customer Testing Profile. This strategy is used to give random customers a free sample of new product to test. They compiled customer’s opinion and give report to the headquarters.And the headquarters give commands to other division, say, operational division, and then, the decision is taken whether the new product should be launched or not. All the sales daily report is given to the headquarters. In that case, they can decide when to raise the price. Wendy’s can raise the price by monthly sales journal, and check which are the bestseller products in every stores. When they know it, usually they raise the price Rp 1000  œ Rp 5000. Chapter 15 Advertising & Public Relation Wendy’s Citrarasa has its own marketing and advertising division.This division controls all the design, public relations, and everything that is connected to communicating to customers. The main advertising objective is to make people interested in the product they create. Strategies Wendy’s have applied to their advertising method is †¢ The advertising strategy that they have done up to now is always below the line. They haven’t ever tried above the line (TV ads). Unlike any other fast food rivals, that have tried above the line and getting mediocre response, Wendy’s always does below the line but it has gain some serious markets in it. Routine type of adverts that they have applied to their stores is for example, when people come to their store, the waiter / cashier always ask and give customers recommendation of new products so they can try their new products. And Wendy’s store manager tri ed to ask the customers’ feedback by asking how good is the food today, etc. †¢ Promotional, they applied some method in running their business also, for example, free upsize for drinks and French fries for buying the new mushroom cheese burger.It is promotional because it is only for a limited time, and soon the promotion terminated. In the ads problem, Wendy’s has never encountered any problem. The downside is, sometimes the advertising is so good until the stock of food they run is empty. And they cannot serve customers no more. It happens when new products has been launched. D. Marketing Strategies 1. Managing Marketing Information to Gain Customer Inside Before implementing their marketing strategies / information to customer, Wendy’s do the research of what their customers like, especialy in Western menu.Then they also compare their menu to the competitor, so what the competitor sale will be considered by Wendy’s. Wendy’s also implement their marketing research by looking for the problem that appears (among their stores, their customers, their suppliers, their own managements, and other things) that can hamper their operation. Information system is very important for Wendy’s which can provide the actual data happened. For examples: the complete data of sales which consist of what product sold, kind of product sold, highest sales among 26 stores.One of terminology that Wendy’s has is â€Å"If you fail to plan, you plan to fail†. That terminology always remember by their company before doing marketing research. That words means that the marketing strategy and plan are the main basic for implementing the marketing action because if Company’s makes a mistake in doing the marketing planing, it will make the bad effects of marketing action which cause the failure. For detail the ways that Wendy’s do marketing research as follow: – Defining the problem and research objectivesMarke ting research projects might have one of 3 types of objectives which are : to gather preliminary information that will help defines problems and suggest hypoteses (exploratory research); to better describe marketing problems, situation, or markets, such as the market potential for a product or demographic and attitudes of consumers (descriptive research); to test hypotesis about cause-and-effect relationship (causal research) – Developing the research plan Research objectives must be translated into spesific information needs. The research plan should be presented in written proposal.A written proposal is especially important when the research project is large and complex or when an outside firm carries it out. The proposal should cover the management problem addresed and the research objective, the information to be obtain, and the way the result will help management decision making. The proposal also should include research cost. – Gathering secondary data Secondary data is information that already exist somewhere, having been collected for another purpose. For example: Wendy’s use the data of population demographic in Indonesia. – Primary data collectionPrimary data is information collected for spesific purpose at hand. Some research approach of primary data collection are observational research, ethnographic research, survey research, experimental research. Wendy’s use survey research which is gathering primary data by asking people question about their knowledge, attitudes, preferences, and buying behavior. – Implementing the research plan The researcher puts the marketing research plan into action. This involve collecting, processing, and analysing the information. Researcher should watch closely to make sure that the plan is implemented correctly.Researcher must also process and analysis the collected data to isolate important information and findings. – Interpreting and reporting the finding Researcher m ust interpret the findings, draw conclusion, and report them to management. Researcher should present important findings that are useful in the major decision faced by management. Managers and researcher must work together closely when interpreting research result, and both must share responsibility for the research process and resulting decision, 2. Consumer Markets and Consumer Buyer Behaviour. The kinds of characteristic that affecting consumer behaviour is: – AgeYounge people prefer menu like burger, fried chicken, french fries, and softdrink while the older customer prefer some food which has less oil like salad, baked potatoes and soup. It is because the age influence the physical and health condition of people. So, older people prefer some food that can bring the healthiness for them. But, whatever the product is both of them are prioritizing the quality. – Economic The consumer market of Wendy’s is middle up class because comparing to the other Indonesia food restaurant the price of Wendy’s restaurant is higher than them.The motives of the buyer that affect the willingness to buy the Wendy’s product is physicological needs which is hunger and thirst. Especially the drive or motive of customer to fulfill physical need through Wendy’s is a quality offered and the kind of the menu that the competitor don’t have it. The process going before customer going to buy Wendy’s product is: – Need recognition Is the first state of the buyer decision process, in which the consumer recognizes a problem or need, in this case hunger and thirst. – Information searchIs the stages of a buyer decision process in which the consumer is arrowsedto search for more information; the consumer may simply have heightened attention or may go into active i nformation search. In this case the consumer of Wendy’s have decide to find the food and drink which can satisfy them from hunger and thirsst, so they wil l pay more attention to the advertising of restaurant through website, brochure, and also the location of restaurant. – Evaluation of alternatives Is the stages of buyer decision process in which the consumer use information to evaluate alternatives brand in the choise sets.Consumer swill face some choise of restaurant that can fulfill their needs, generally they will evaluate the kind of western food or Indonesian food or other kind food. And then after they choose Western food, they will evaluate again some brands of the similar food which is the competitors of Wendys such as McDonald, KFC, A&W, Burger King, CFC, etc. – Purchase decision Is the buyer decision about which brand to purchase. Generally, the consumer purchase decision will be to buy the most preffered brand, but 2 factors can come between the purchase intention and purchase decision.The first action is the attitude of others. In this case if the customer’s friends think that he should buy the spec ial menu at Wendy’s then the chances of his buying at other restaurant are reduce. The second factor is unexpected situational factor. The consumer may form a purchase intention based on factor such expected income, expected price, and expected program benefit. In this case if the consumer friend promote or tell him that there are discunt at Wendy’s then he will have the intention to buy Wendy’s product. – Postpurchase BehaviourIs the stages of the buyer decision process in which the consumer takes further action after purchase base on their satisfaction or disatisfaction. The answer lies in the relationship between the consumer expectation and the product percieved performance. If the products fall short of expectation, the consumer is dissapointed; if it meets expectation the consumer is satisfied; if it axceeds expectation, the consumer is delighted. The management of Wendy’s says that almost consumer of Wendy’s will be satisfied even mor e delighted because they guarantee that Wendy’s give the best quality to their consumer.So, they’re sure that their customer will satisfied and doing the repeat consumption. 3. Customer-Driven Marketing Strategy – Market segmentation Dividing a market into smaller groups with distinc needs, characteristic, or behaviour who might require separate products or marketing mix. a. Demographic The demographic segmentation consist of gender (male and female), age (range of ages), etc. b. Geographic Tha geographic segmentation consist of America, Africa, Europe, Asia and Australia. – Market targeting Now Wendy’s must evaluate the various segment and decides how many and which segment it can serve best. . Demographic Wendy’s has a segmentation of universal gender (male and female), all ages. b. Geographic Wendy’s restaurant covers the America, Europe and Asia region. – Differentiation and positioning Product position is the way the produ ct is defined by consumers on important attribute, the places the products occupies in consumers minds relatives to competing product. Wendy’s has the position of their product in quality and has various menu which common competitor did not have. Such as baked potato. 4. Product, services, and branding strategy. – ProductThe product that offer by Wendy’s is consumer product which is product bought by final consumer for personal consumption. The type of consumer product is convinience product that the customer usually buys frequently, immediately, and with a minimum of comparison and buying effort. In this case the product is fast food which often placed in many location to make customer Wendy’s readly available when customer needs them. – Branding Brand equity is the positive differencial that knowing the brand name has on customer’s respond to the product or service.Wendy’s Indonesia is a franchise of international Wendy’s so the the brand name just follow the original brand. The choose of the brand name â€Å"Wendy’s† base on the reason of simple word (only using one word) to make the customer remember the brand easily. E. Role as an Accountant to help Wendy’s Accounting division in wendy’s is under finance division. Wendy’s finacnce division is straight under mr. Ipeng’s supervision. The directed division creates the division to be one of the high leveled side of company. They collaborate with all division to create budgets and all of the financial matters of the company.Not only in sales probelms but also in company’s staff welfare. All the company’s incentives, fee, and wages is hed by this important division The finance and accounting will help the marketing to plan the budget and give the funding to the respective division that needs it. All the funding are checked and revised by the accounting and finance division. All flow of monetary stream s are going in one way, It’s finance division In order to create good environment for the company to run its business, the company must have all the resources needed to create it.Accountants must have the authority to give consents to other division. So there is no fraud or collusion around the company. Accounting division must have everything that happens in the company for all Inventory, slips, checks, everything that goes into the action important to the company. Accountants must have the authority to take all proves and bank slips in order to have lower control risk as well as to lower inherent risks. Every loans, borrowings, charity in and out to the company always have to report it to finance and accounting division. It is needed to have credibility to run the company.F. Summary & Recommendation Wendy’s has been one of the biggest fast food restaurants all over the world. It arrived in Jakarta back in 1992 and PT Sirat bought it in 1997. PT Wendy Citrarasa took o ver Wendy’s Indonesia in 2006. Wendy’s restaurant has five departments, which are marketing, operational, bussiness development, supply chain, and finance. Esspecially for the marketing department, they work closely with other departments in making decision in marketing strategies, and all of the interrelated departments have an impact on the marketing department’s plan and action.G. References www. wikipedia. com www. wendys. com Kotler, Philip, & Gary Armstrong. 2009. Principles of Marketing. 12th Edition. ———————– Wendy’s Pacific Place, Jakarta Wendy’s Braga, Bandung Marketing Director Finance Director Owner Supply Chain Director Operational Director Bussiness Development Director Marketing Comm. Manager Graphic Designer District Manager Store Manager 1 Store Manager 2 Store Manager 3 Store Manager 26 Project Manager Architec Purchasing Manager Logistic Manager Finance Accountancy